Projects
1372 Projects
Media are grouped by projects created by users. Projects tend to contain media tied together by a theme. A project might represent the dataset for a single peer-reviewed paper, the results of a collections digitization project, or data for a digital lesson plan.
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| Title | Description | Team | Creator | Media | Objects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Display all details of Correlative light microscopy and x-ray microtomography of ground sections of mineralised tissues | ABSTRACT Starting from scratch, if one wanted to correlate light microscopical (LM) and X-ray microtomographic (XMT) findings from the mineralised tissues – bone and calcified cartilage in the skeleton and dentine, enamel and cementum in teeth – one could simply examine the same sample with at least one flat surface by confocal scanning reflection and/or fluorescence light microscopy. However, we are frequently presented with ready made ‘ground’ sections mounted in Canada balsam or DPX on 25mm wide ~ 1mm thick glass slides with 0.17mm cover slips. Many such preparations are historical or are valuable by representing archival material from rare diseases or endangered species: all are inconvenient in form for XMT. ABSTRACT We endeavoured to economise on X-ray beam time by scanning a 25mm thick stack of slides, separating the relevant data from each sample and making exact matches with transmitted ordinary and polarised light microscopy. Samples were selected to represent a wide range of sizes and skeletal and dental tissue types, including human femoral bone, human permanent teeth, dog carnassial tooth, narwhal mandible, black rhinoceros molars, sperm whale cementum and dentine, African elephant ivory, and prairie marmot molars. XMT was conducted using the QMUL Mucat2 system, nominal voxel size 20um, 90kV, 24 hours. Analysis used TomView, ImageJ and Drishti software. In each case we were able to match XMT and light microscopy. We can now report mineralisation densities for all the calcified tissues in the context of light microscopy imagery. | 0 | 0 | ||
| Display all details of de la Fuente et al. 2021 Neusticemys neuquina | Ct scans and models of the specimen MACN-PV-105. A juveniles specimen of the Thallasochelydian turtle Neusticemys neuquina from the Upper Jurassic of Argentina | de-la-Fuente, Marcelo | 20 | 1 | |
| Display all details of Phylogenetic Trees and Fossil Evidence of Evolution | Media in this folder are used for a lesson plan created through the Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine (TriCEM). For access to lesson plan, see related URL. All media was provided by the Duke University Evolutionary Anthropology Department Teaching Collection, Hominid Evolution Research Lab at North Carolina State University, or the Forensic Analysis Lab at North Carolina State University. | Rebecca W. Cook | 8 | 8 | |
| Display all details of Romero MA Thesis Scans - CMNH Apes | Scans of gorillas and chimpanzees taken from Hamann-Todd non-human primate collection at Cleveland Museum of Natural History for MA thesis at University of Arkansas. All Gorilla specimens are subspecies Gorilla gorilla gorilla. All Pan specimens are subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Permission from CMNH required for access and/or use of these scans. Email creator for a spreadsheet with additional info about these specimens (e.g., locality). | Ashly Romero | 70 | 70 | |
| Display all details of Dinosaur track from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Blackstone Formation, Queensland Australia | Fossil footprints provide the only evidence of Triassic aged dinosaurs in Australia. Accounts of tracks attributable to small grallatorid trackmakers from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Blackstone Formation at Rylance No 5 Opencut Colliery in Ipswich appear reliable. However, evidence for a very large-bodied Triassic predatory dinosaur is not supported by the present study. The trackmaker size appears to have been overestimated as a result of miscalculating the footprint length (25%¬–35% greater than the actual track length). We also question earlier interpretations of the large Blackstone Formation tracks being Eubrontes-like. The strong inward track rotation is characteristic of the ichnogenus Evazoum, which is well-known from Upper Triassic deposits of Europe and North America, an ichnotaxon typically attributed to sauropodomorph trackmakers. The morphology of the Blackstone tracks is also similar to tracks attributed to Evazoum on account of the distinct shape and position of the impression of the metatarsophalangeal pad for digit IV. Therefore we tentatively assign the Australian tracks to this ichnogenus, although we cannot exclude the presence of a potentially new ichnotaxon. If our assessment of the Blackstone Formation tracks are correct, they provide the first and only evidence of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs from Australia. | 0 | 0 | ||
| Display all details of Ulster Museum_ First dinosaur remains from Ireland | Several specimens from the Lias Group (Lower Jurassic) of Northern Ireland have been suspected as dinosaurian in origin. Bone histology and morphology demonstrates that two of these, both from the same locality in Co. Antrim, demonstrably are from dinosaurs. We interpret one as the proximal end of the left femur of a basal thyreophoran ornithischian, and tentatively assign it to cf. Scelidosaurus. The other is the proximal part of the left tibia of an indeterminate neotheropod, perhaps a member of the averostran-line similar to Sarcosaurus, or a megalosauroid. These are the first dinosaur remains reported from anywhere in Ireland and some of the most westerly in Europe, and they are among only a small number of dinosaurs known from the Hettangian Stage. Two additional specimens are no longer considered to be from dinosaurs. We interpret one as a surangular or mandible fragment from a large marine reptile, perhaps an ichthyosaur or pliosaur; the other is a polygonal fragment of Paleocene basalt. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.06.005 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Display all details of Canoville et al._Systemic distribution of medullary bone in the avian skeleton: ground truthing criteria for the identification of reproductive tissues in extinct Avemetatarsalia | Medullary bone (MB) is an estrogen-dependent, sex-specific tissue produced by female birds during lay and inferred to be present in extinct avemetatarsalians (bird-line archosaurs). Although preliminary studies suggest that MB can be deposited within most skeletal elements, these are restricted to commercial layers or hormonally treated male pigeons, which are poor analogues for wild birds. By contrast, studies in wild bird species noted the presence of MB almost exclusively within limb bones, spurring the misconception that MB deposition is largely restricted to these regions. These disparate claims have cast doubt on the nature of MB-like tissues observed in some extinct avemetatarsalians because of their “unusual” anatomical locations. Furthermore, previous work reported that MB deposition is related to blood supply and pneumatization patterns, yet these hypotheses have not been tested widely in birds. To document the skeletal distribution of MB across Neornithes, reassess previous hypotheses pertaining to its deposition/distribution patterns, and refine the set of criteria by which to evaluate the nature of purported MB tissue in extinct avemetatarsalians, we CT-scanned skeletons of 40 female birds (38 species) that died during the egg-laying cycle, recorded presence or absence of MB in 19 skeletal regions, and assessed pneumatization of stylopods. Selected elements were destructively analyzed to ascertain the chemical and histological nature of observed endosteal bone tissues in “contentious” skeletal regions. Although its skeletal distribution varies interspecifically, we find MB to be a systemic tissue that can be deposited within virtually all skeletal regions, including cranial elements. We also provide evidence that the deposition of MB is dictated by skeletal distribution patterns of both pneumaticity and bone marrow, two factors linked to ecology (body size, foraging). Hence, skeletal distribution of MB is extensive in small-bodied and diving birds, but more restricted in large-bodied species or efficient flyers. Previously outlined anatomical locations of purported MB in extinct taxa are invalid criticisms against their potential reproductive nature. Moreover, the proposed homology of lung tissues between birds and some extinct avemetatarsalians permit us to derive a series of location-based predictions that can be used to critically evaluate MB-like tissues in fossil specimens. | 71 | 40 | ||
| Display all details of Martinez et al. (2019) A missing piece of the Papio puzzle: Gorongosa baboon phenostructure and intrageneric relationships. | Most authors recognize six baboon species: hamadryas (Papio hamadryas), Guinea (Papio papio), olive (Papio anubis), yellow (Papio cynocephalus), chacma (Papio ursinus), and Kinda (Papio kindae). However, there is still debate regarding the taxonomic status, phylogenetic relationships, and the amount of gene flow occurring between species. Here, we present ongoing research on baboon morphological diversity in Gorongosa National Park (GNP), located in central Mozambique, south of the Zambezi River, at the southern end of the East African Rift System. The park exhibits outstanding ecological diversity and hosts more than 200 baboon troops. Gorongosa National Park baboons have previously been classified as chacma baboons (P. ursinus). In accordance with this, two mtDNA samples from the park have been placed in the same mtDNA clade as the northern chacma baboons. However, GNP baboons exhibit morphological features common in yellow baboons (e.g., yellow fur color), suggesting that parapatric gene flow between chacma and yellow baboons might have occurred in the past or could be ongoing. We investigated the phenostructure of the Gorongosa baboons using two approaches: 1) description of external phenotypic features, such as coloration and body size, and 2) 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 43 craniofacial landmarks on 11 specimens from Gorongosa compared to a pan-African sample of 352 baboons. The results show that Gorongosa baboons exhibit a mosaic of features shared with southern P. cynocephalus and P. ursinus griseipes. The GNP baboon phenotype fits within a geographic clinal pattern of replacing allotaxa. We put forward the hypothesis of either past and/or ongoing hybridization between the gray-footed chacma and southern yellow baboons in Gorongosa or an isolation-by-distance scenario in which the GNP baboons are geographically and morphologically intermediate. These two scenarios are not mutually exclusive. We highlight the potential of baboons as a useful model to understand speciation and hybridization in early human evolution. | 1 | 1 | ||
| Display all details of Ferreira et al. 2021. Supplementary models to "Contrasting brains and bones: neuroanatomical evolution of turtles (Testudinata)" | This project includes all the braincase endocast and brain digital models generated and used in the analyses of the chapter Ferreira, Werneburg, Lautenschlager & Evers 2021. Supplementary models to chapter "Contrasting brains and bones: neuroanatomical evolution of turtles (Testudinata)" in: Dozo et al. 2021 "Paleoneurology of Amniotes". | Ferreira et al. 2021. Supplementary models to chapter "Contrasting brains and bones: neuroanatomical evolution of turtles (Testudinata)" | 60 | 25 | |
| Display all details of Braincase anatomy of extant Crocodylia, with new insights into development and evolution of the neurocranium in crocodylomorphs | Present-day crocodylians exhibit a remarkably akinetic skull with a highly modified braincase. We present a comprehensive description of the neurocranial osteology of extant crocodylians, with notes on the development of individual skeletal elements and a discussion of the applied terminology. The quadrate is rigidly fixed by multiple contacts with almost all braincase elements. The parabasisphenoid is sutured to the pterygoids (palate) and the quadrate (suspensorium), consequently, the basipterygoid joint is completely immobilized. The prootic is reduced and externally hidden by the quadrate. The prootic has a verticalized buttress that participates in the canal for the temporal vasculature. The ventrolateral processes of the otoccipitals completely cover the posteroventral region of the braincase and enclose the occipital nerves and blood vessels into narrow bony canals. The ventrolateral processes of the otoccipitals provide additional sutural contacts between the braincase elements and further consolidate the posterior aspect of the crocodylian skull. The otic capsule of crocodylians has a characteristic cochlear prominence that corresponds to the lateral route of the perilymphatic sac. Complex internal structures of the otoccipital (extracapsular buttress) additionally arrange the neurovascular structures of the periotic space of the skull. Most of the braincase elements of crocodylians are excavated by the paratympanic pneumatic sinuses. The braincase of various extant crocodylians has an overall similar structure with some consistent variation between taxa. Several features of the braincase are present in Gavialis gangeticus and extant members of Crocodylidae to the exclusion of alligatorids: the reduced prootic buttress, the sagittal nuchal crest of the supraoccipital that projects posteriorly beyond the postoccipital processes, reduced paratympanic pneumaticity. The most distinctive features of the crocodylian braincase (fixed quadrate and basipterygoid joint, consolidated occiput) have evolved relatively rapidly at the base of Crocodylomorpha and accompanied the initial diversification of the clade during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic. We hypothesize that profound rearrangements in the individual development of the braincase of basal crocodylomorphs underlie these rapid evolutionary modifications. These rearrangements are likely reflected in the embryonic development of extant crocodylians and include the involvement of neomorphic dermal anlagen into different portions of the developing cranium, the extensive ossification of the palatoquadrate cartilage as a single expanded quadrate, and the anteromedial inclination of the latter element. | Ivan Kuzmin | 21 | 4 |